sustainability

Greenwashing: The system is designed to fail. It’s time to see clearly

Reading Time: 3 minutes

Our guide to spotting greenwashing — born from witnessing the system’s hijacking — now available in Italian


How can people tell what is truly sustainable — or confidently say: this is greenwashing?

Let’s take one example we’ve just shared: African organisations are accusing a major UN circularity project of unreliable data and a tainted process.
This isn’t just a failure; it’s a hijacking.

But how can we distinguish between genuine initiatives and those that are not?
The core conflict is no longer just about data — it’s about who gets to define circularity and sustainability.

Buy This is Greenwashing and Questo è Greenwashing - photo of both book covers.
Questo è greenwashing – This is Greenwashing

Greenwashing: A system designed to fail


When fast-fashion entities help set the rules for a UN process meant to regulate them, the outcome is predictable: a system designed to fail.
In other words, a system that protects overproduction and waste under the guise of sustainability.

This is greenwashing at the highest level — the green fog at its thickest — designed to confuse us into compliance while the real work of change is undermined.

And this is precisely why we wrote This is Greenwashing.

This eBook goes beyond spotting a fake “eco-friendly” label.
It’s a guide to understanding the systemic lies that corrupts projects like the UNEP’s. It equips you with tools to see through the green fog created by the very systems meant to protect us.

We wrote it because when regulation fails — or is hijacked — awareness becomes our strongest line of defence.

In a world where the credibility of global environmental governance hangs in the balance, we must equip ourselves with the power to see clearly, demand better, and stop being manipulated.

This is Greenwashing – Now available in Italian


🌍 Now available in Italian: Your guide to seeing through the green fog
We are proud to launch This Is Greenwashing in Italian.

This guide will help you:
✔ Decode the jargon and spot lies at a glance
✔ Understand the tactics used not just by brands, but by entire systems to appear “green”
✔ Arm yourself with practical knowledge to make informed choices

In a system designed to fail, knowledge isn’t just power — it’s resistance.

📘 🇮🇹 Get your Italian eBook here: books2read.com/u/mYJ8lP
📘 🇬🇧 Get your English eBook here: https://books2read.com/u/bpgxOX

📣 Please help spread the word by leaving a review — it makes all the difference.

“This is greenwashing’s greatest crime: distracting us with false solutions as the planet burns.”

Spot the lies. Demand better.

P.S. Share this with anyone who questions the ‘sustainable’ façade. It’s time we clear the green fog, together.

 🌿 Now available as an eBook — the print version will follow.

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African organisations accuse UNEP’s Textile Circularity Project of unreliable data and a tainted process

Reading Time: 3 minutes

African coaltion warns that proposed global guidelines, built on flawed foundations, threaten millions of livelihoods and the future of textile reuse


A coalition of African organisations, supported by experts from Europe, Asia, and America, has sent a formal letter to the UN Environment Programme (UNEP). The letter raises concerns about the reliability of the data underpinning UNEP’s projects for global textile circularity and protests against the credibility granted to entities described as “beholden” to fast fashion giants.

The open letter directly challenges UNEP’s Circularity and Trade of Used Textiles project. This project aims to create global guidelines distinguishing reusable second-hand clothing from waste. The signatories, representing the livelihoods of millions in the sorting, repair, and resale trades, argue that the entire effort is compromised from its foundation. (Fashion Magazine).

African organisations: the letter of accusation


Their core accusations are threefold:

  1. Unreliable data:
    The project relies on unverified figures, such as the frequently cited claim that 95% of textile waste is reusable. A figure that contradicts established industry knowledge and lacks transparent collection methods.
  2. A tainted process: 
    The coalition describes the consultations as rushed and exclusionary, sidelining the very experts who understand the complex realities of the trade.
  3. Corporate influence: 
    In Ghana, an NGO funded by the ultra-fast fashion industry led the research. The very entities whose overproduction is the root of the waste crisis — creating an unacceptable conflict of interest.

“What we have observed does not match the objectivity expected from a UN programme,” said Jeffren Boakye Abrokwah, President of the Ghanaian Used Clothing Dealers Association. “In Ghana, UNEP’s research partner is an NGO that already runs a waste campaign. It is funded by the fast fashion industry. This compromises the neutrality of the data.”

However, this sentiment found an international echo. Alan Wheeler, Director General of the UK’s Textile Recycling Association, stated, “UNEP’s willingness to adopt unverified conclusions contradicts its stated commitment to impartiality and undermines public trust.”

But this dispute erupts as the second-hand clothing market faces unprecedented strain. New, low-quality garments flood African markets. While in Europe, collectors are on strike and countries like Sweden are authorising the destruction of unsold clothing. Against this backdrop, the call for credible and impartial solutions has never been more urgent.

Final thoughts


In conclusion, the core conflict is no longer just about data or methodology. It is about who gets to define circularity. The African organisations’ letter exposes a disturbing reality. In essence, the industry itself may shape a UN process meant to regulate the fashion industry’s waste.

So this is not merely a failure of process; it is a hijacking of the solution. Letting fast-fashion entities set the rules, the UNEP project legitimises greenwashing and undermines the circular economy it aims to protect. In other words, the system is not simply being poorly designed. It is being designed to fail, preserving a linear model of overproduction and waste under the guise of sustainability.

The credibility of global environmental governance now hangs in the balance.

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Secondhand fashion and overconsumption: Is thrifting the new fast fashion?

Reading Time: 3 minutes

A study in Scientific Reports finds that secondhand markets can encourage the same wasteful behaviours they were meant to replace


In This is Greenwashing, we argued that secondhand fashion is an important tool — but only after a dramatic reduction in overall consumption. A new nationally representative study of 1,009 U.S. consumers supports that cautionary message.

Published in October 2025 in Scientific Reports (a Nature Portfolio journal), the paper — titled “Secondhand fashion consumers exhibit fast fashion behaviours despite sustainability narratives” — finds that secondhand purchases frequently supplement, rather than replace, new clothing purchases. In many cases, they are also associated with short garment life spans and rapid turnover.

Core finding & central paradox


The big takeaway: Secondhand buying does not reliably displace new buying. The study found that people who spent more on used clothing also tended to spend significantly more on new clothing. This means the most engaged secondhand shoppers are often also the biggest buyers in the primary market.

The paradox: The secondary market sometimes reinforces the same high-turnover, short-lifespan behaviours associated with fast fashion — creating a rebound rather than a reduction in environmental impact. Resale, promoted as a sustainability fix, can reproduce fast-fashion dynamics (high volumes, short retention) unless overall consumption declines.

Key evidence 

  1. Correlation: new and used spending move together
    The study found that people who buy a lot of used clothing are also the biggest buyers of new clothing. Instead of replacing new purchases, secondhand shopping often adds to them.
  2. High-volume, short-lifespan behaviours:
    A cluster analysis identified a majority group (around 59%) that frequently purchases and retains garments for shorter periods. Within this group, 37.9% reported disposing of items within a year and 14.2% within one month. The study also found that 40% of respondents owned clothing they had never worn. These patterns point to high turnover rather than extended use.
  3. Younger consumers drive the trend:
    Younger consumers (Gen Z and Millennials) are the most active in both resale and primary markets, increasing the risk that secondhand and new purchases co-occur rather than one replacing the other.
  4. Knowledge–action gap:
    Knowledge alone did not produce sustainable action. The authors report that higher sustainability knowledge did not reliably predict lower consumption or longer garment retention.

Psychological drivers the authors highlight


The study suggests two key behavioural theories explain this paradox:

  • The rebound effect: The money saved or the “green” feeling from buying secondhand can psychologically or economically justify buying more things, offsetting the environmental benefit.
  • Moral licensing: The act of making a “virtuous” choice (buying used) gives people a sense of moral “credit,” which they then use to permit themselves less sustainable behaviours (buying more, discarding faster).

Bottom line


This paper does not discredit the idea of thrifting — it reveals its limits. Secondhand is part of the sustainability toolkit, but it is not a silver bullet. Without cultural and structural changes that reduce total acquisition (buy less, value sufficiency, design for durability and repair), resale markets risk becoming another channel for fast-fashion-style overconsumption. If sustainability is the goal, the emphasis must be on owning and buying less — whether items are new or used.

Final thoughts


This report clearly highlights the connection between the secondhand fashion market and overconsumption, as it increasingly mirrors the behaviours of fast fashion.

The findings directly challenge the simplistic narrative that “thrifting is always sustainable.” That is only a partial truth. The problem is not just where we shop, but how much we consume. The secondhand market, in its current form, is not slowing down the fast-fashion system — it is becoming another channel for overconsumption.

True sustainability will require a cultural shift from constant acquisition to sufficiency — buying and owning less overall, whether new or used.

However, one point struck us. We find the knowledge–action gap profoundly discouraging. If knowledge alone is not enough to serve as a catalyst for change, what else is needed to spur us into action?

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The (Un)Sustainable Fashion Awards 2025: Greenwash event at Milano Fashion Week

Reading Time: 4 minutes

A green carpet during Milano Fashion Week to celebrate fashion’s greatest paradox


On September 27, 2025, the Teatro Alla Scala hosted the CNMI Sustainable Fashion Awards, the official green carpet event for Milano Fashion Week SS26. Its mission: to celebrate the innovators and Italian fashion houses, ostensibly driving the industry toward a sustainable future.

The event, organised by the Camera Nazionale della Moda Italiana in collaboration with the UN Alliance for Sustainable Fashion, promised to honour those distinguished by their “vision, innovation, commitment to craftsmanship, circular economy, human rights, environmental justice, and biodiversity.”

A symbolic green carpet welcomed guests like Anna Wintour and Naomi Campbell, who wore outfits made from sustainable materials, presenting a unified front for a greener fashion industry.

The celebration: Nine green awards 


The ceremony proceeded to distribute nine awards, each targeting a key pillar of sustainability:

  • The SFA Craft and Artisanship Award: Tod’s Group
  • The SFA Circular Economy Award: Regenesi
  • The SFA Biodiversity and Water Award: Ermenegildo Zegna Group
  • The SFA Climate Action Award: Schneider Group
  • The SFA Diversity and Inclusion Award: Willy Chavarria
  • The SFA Groundbreaker Award: Aura Blockchain Consortium
  • The SFA Education of Excellence Award: Kiton
  • The SFA Human Capital and Social Impact Award: Saheli Woman
  • The Bicester Collection Award for Emerging Designers: The Sake Project

The pinnacle of the evening saw Anna Wintour present the New Legacy Award to Giorgio Armani. 

However, by all official accounts, it was a night of triumph—a consolidation of brands’ sustainable missions, widely covered in the press as a positive step forward. 

Yet, according to Ansa, “Prosecutors request judicial administration for Tod’s. The Milan Public Prosecutor’s Office has requested that high-end shoemaker Tod’s spa be put into judicial administration over alleged worker exploitation at factories run by Chinese people in its production chain, sources told ANSA on Wednesday, confirming a Reuters report.”

After all, it’s even ironic with all the brands put under investigation for labour exploitation. Tod’s is simply the last one added to the list. How does CNMI evaluate this particular aspect of “sustainability?”

Sustainable Fashion Awards: What do they even mean?


And so, for one night, all these people wore sustainable materials. The headlines celebrated a green vision. The brands were applauded.

But this is where we must pause and ask: What does any of this actually mean? Does anyone there have an idea of what “sustainable” means? 

Does a single award cancel out a brand’s vast linear production model? Does it justify the immense water and land use of a global supply chain? And does wearing one sustainable outfit on the red carpet make the entire attending house sustainable? Really, what are we talking about?

Sustainability: The uncomfortable truth


The uncomfortable truth is this: true sustainability in the fashion industry, as it currently operates, is a myth.

Celebrating “Sustainable Fashion” at a glitzy awards gala is the industry’s greatest paradox. These awards create the illusion of progress while the core system—built on overproduction, overconsumption, and globalised, opaque supply chains—remains fundamentally unchanged.

A few sustainable collections or material experiments are not enough to offset the environmental and social footprint of a multi-trillion dollar industry. 

In order to be truly sustainable, the fashion industry wouldn’t need awards; it would need to be redone from scratch. The very nature of these ceremonies exposes their inherent contradiction, a point perfectly illustrated by an excerpt including a telling anecdote from our book This is Greenwashing:

“While the name suggests recognition of progress towards circularity or sustainability, these awards rarely go to small, independent brands. Instead, they spotlight the same top fashion houses – the ones with the largest environmental footprints and marketing budgets.
At one edition of the Green Carpet Fashion Awards, designer Antonio Marras presented a dress crafted entirely from recycled fabric. Yet, because the fabrics weren’t sourced from certified sustainable labels, the jury asked him to remake the garment from scratch. The irony of this anecdote is striking—is it about promoting recycling, or ticking certification boxes? And really, is there anything more unsustainable than that?” 

Yet here we are, celebrating something that doesn’t even exist. This story encapsulates the entire paradox. It’s not about substance; it’s about spectacle. With the Sustainable Fashion Awards 25, we are not celebrating sustainability. We are celebrating its carefully branded illusion.


Want to learn how to spot the illusion?
Discover more in This is Greenwashing.

🌍 Buy the eBook (English Edition) on your favorite digital store: https://books2read.com/u/bpgxOX

The Italian Edition will be released in a few days!

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SS26 London Fashion Week: The high-low fashion line collapses

Reading Time: 4 minutes

Is London still a bastion of creative rebellion, or a stage for fast fashion exploitation?


The SS26 London Fashion Week has concluded, with its expanded schedule seeking a renaissance yet exposing a contradiction within the industry. While houses such as Burberry, Simone Rocha, and Erdem reaffirmed their creative authority, the prominent platform given to H&M raised a pressing question: how does this align with London’s professed commitment to sustainability? The line between luxury and fast fashion has not just blurred—it has collapsed.

SS26 London Fashion Week: Creative highlights


At Burberry, Daniel Lee recomposed British heritage with a rockstar edge. The collection was a tribute to swinging London—Mod-inspired short hemlines, slim suits, and leather boots, all set to a Black Sabbath soundtrack. A tribute to Ozzy Osbourne that delighted us fans. (Watch the show here).
Lee commented, “Musicians have always had incredible style, and together with fashion they form a really strong culture.” That was certainly true in the past. Today, rock stars don’t have personal style but stylists. And they’re paid to wear branded clothes—but that’s a topic for another post.

Simone Rocha offered a breath of fresh air with a feminine, childlike, and whimsical collection where lightness and an ethereal mood prevailed. Her designs reminded us why London has long been a laboratory for creative experimentation. (See the looks here).
Meanwhile, Erdem explored “overlapping identities,” blurring the lines between history and imagination in a masterful display of narrative craftsmanship. (Watch the show here).

Yet, this creative reaffirmation was juxtaposed with the event’s strategic inclusion of H&M. The Swedish fast-fashion giant hosted an immersive showcase, leveraging the city’s youthful energy. Its presence was no anomaly but a calculated move that speaks volumes about the event’s current priorities.

The logic behind H&M’s platform


Laura Weir, the new CEO of the British Fashion Council and a former Vogue fashion editor, has described the task of restoring London’s fashion status as “herculean.” After Brexit, Covid, economic instability, and wars, her effort is understandable. But if the goal is to strengthen London’s global standing, is giving H&M such a prominent role really a meaningful long-term choice?

For H&M, a place on the LFW schedule is the ultimate PR coup. It borrows prestige and “cool factor” to reposition itself from a seller of cheap basics to a legitimate trend-maker, helping to justify its premium collaborations and designer partnerships.

From the organisers’ perspective, the logic is equally clear: LFW is, after all, a business. Burberry generates press, but the British Fashion Council needs revenue. H&M’s substantial investment helps subsidise smaller, emerging designers—the lifeblood of London’s reputation for innovation. Furthermore, an H&M presentation can attract celebrities and mega-influencers who might not attend a smaller, avant-garde show. (Sadness of contemporary fashion, as it sounds.) This generates massive social media buzz and media coverage that amplify the event’s visibility.

When blurring lines becomes a blurred vision


The lines between luxury fashion and fast fashion are no longer merely blurred—they are actively erasing each other.

Luxury has adopted the pace of fast fashion: pre-collections, cruise collections, and countless “drops.” They need to constantly feed the content and sales machine. They also court influencers and celebrities in a way that mirrors mass-market marketing.

Fast fashion seeks the cultural capital of luxury: H&M hires former luxury designers, produces “premium” lines, and runs high-production-value campaigns to emulate a luxury feel.

London Fashion Week has always celebrated eclecticism and experimentation. London has historically been the birthplace of street style co-opted by high fashion (punk, mod, etc.). It’s where Vivienne Westwood sold clothes in a shop called SEX. But there is a world of difference between elevating grassroots rebellion and platforming a corporate fast fashion giant. 

The critical question is: what is the cost of this “inclusive” curation? By including H&M, is LFW nurturing creativity or legitimising a business model built on overconsumption? This move directly challenges the halo of exclusivity and creativity—and most importantly, the ecological values London claims to champion

Final thoughts


The rock energy of Burberry and the H&M presentation are two sides of the same coin in today’s fashion industry. SS26 London Fashion Week is not merely observing the collapse of the high-low divide; it is actively curating and capitalising on it.

The danger is that the marketing power of fast-fashion players may drown out emerging voices, turning what should be a celebration of creativity into a marketing convention. True London “street” DNA is anti-establishment and authentic. Aligning with corporate fast fashion is the opposite—it’s the ultimate embrace of the establishment.

By giving H&M a platform, London Fashion Week may not just be selling tickets — it may be selling its soul.

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