overproduction

Unsold stock destruction: EU ban now in force. Why are legislators tackling the outcome instead of the cause?

Reading Time: 4 minutes

Fashion still has one problem legislators chose not to solve: overproduction


The EU ban on unsold stock destruction has now come into force.

Under the Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation (ESPR), large companies are no longer allowed to destroy unsold clothing, clothing accessories and footwear. The measure aims to reduce textile waste and encourage more circular ways of managing excess inventory.

Instead of destroying unsold products, companies are encouraged to improve stock management and explore alternatives such as resale, donations, remanufacturing and reuse.

The ban applies to large companies from 19 July 2026, while medium-sized companies will have to comply from 2030. Destruction remains possible only in specific, justified circumstances, including safety risks, irreparable product damage and counterfeit goods.

Related post: Destruction of unsold textiles: a historic ban… with many loopholes

There is no doubt that preventing perfectly usable garments from being destroyed is a positive step. Every year, between 4% and 9% of unsold textiles in Europe are destroyed before ever being worn, generating millions of tonnes of unnecessary CO₂ emissions.

Warehouse filled with identical garments illustrating the problem of unsold stock destruction.


Unsold stock destruction: treating the symptom


The regulation addresses what happens after clothes remain unsold.

It does not address the question that comes before everything else:

Why are so many garments being produced that they become waste in the first place?

Overproduction remains fashion’s structural problem.

Brands continue to manufacture collections at a pace that exceeds real demand. The result is predictable: discounting, returns, excess inventory and, ultimately, disposal.

Better inventory management can reduce some waste, but it does not challenge the production model itself. As long as brands continue to rely on high volumes and constant product turnover, unsold stock will remain an inevitable consequence.

The problem is amplified by online retail, where high return rates create another layer of excess stock. Returned garments may be difficult or too costly to inspect, repair and resell, pushing companies towards disposal or lower-value solutions.

This is why the issue is not only what happens to unwanted garments at the end of their journey. It is also how many garments enter the market in the first place — and whether the fashion system is designed around genuine demand or around continuous growth.

If too many garments continue to be produced, banning their destruction changes what happens at the end of the process, but not the business model that creates the surplus.

The risk of shifting the problem


The regulation also includes exemptions, allowing destruction in justified cases such as safety concerns, damaged products or counterfeit goods.

It also requires companies to disclose the volumes of unsold goods they discard, improving transparency.

These are important safeguards, but they do not eliminate every risk.

Unsold products can still be exported, downcycled into low-value materials or redirected into opaque secondary markets. Preventing destruction is easier than preventing waste from simply changing form.

Final thoughts


The ban on unsold stock destruction is an important environmental measure. Destroying perfectly usable clothing has long been one of the fashion industry’s most indefensible practices, and banning it is long overdue.

Yet the regulation addresses what happens after overproduction has already occurred. It manages the surplus, but not the system that creates it.

The fashion industry’s environmental crisis does not begin with burning garments or disposing of unsold stock. It begins much earlier, with a business model that rewards ever-increasing production volumes, encourages rapid product turnover, and ultimately generates more clothing than the market can absorb.

In this context, the ban treats one of the industry’s most visible symptoms rather than its underlying cause. It may achieve exactly what it was designed to do, but what it was designed to do is too limited to tackle fashion’s structural environmental problem.

A truly sustainable fashion policy would also ask a more fundamental question: how much clothing do we actually need? That is where concepts such as sufficiency and degrowth become relevant — not because they advocate stopping the production of clothing, but because they challenge the assumption that producing more is always compatible with sustainability.

Until overproduction becomes part of the political conversation, Europe will continue making fashion less wasteful without necessarily making it sustainable. 

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Galliano for Zara: this isn’t a victory — it’s a verdict

Reading Time: 5 minutes

A couturier, a fast-fashion giant, and an archive that doesn’t exist


Galliano for Zara. The news landed like a thunderclap in the fashion world: John Galliano, one of the last true couturiers on the scene, has signed a two-year contract with Zara. He will not simply design a collection; he will, in their words, “re-author” the brand’s archive.

On the surface, industry press has framed this as a moment of “fashion democracy”— a thrilling opportunity for the masses to own a fragment of a genius’s vision. But peel back the layers of the press release and something far more unsettling emerges. This is not a celebration of accessibility; it is one of the clearest absurdities of the modern fashion system. A signal of its complete destabilisation.

As we explored in a previous post, the idea of democratic luxury is as contradictory as illiberal democracy: it does not exist. It is either one thing or the other.

What makes this partnership truly fascinating is its jarring incongruity. We are watching John Galliano — a master of bias-cutting and elaborate construction — arrive at Zara’s doorstep. Meanwhile, across the industry, designers who built their reputations on more commercial ready-to-wear lines are now producing couture for heritage houses.

Today, the fashion industry doesn’t care about craft; it only cares about marketing.

Galliano for Zara: the “re-authoring” of nothing


Zara and Galliano describe this project as “re-authoring.” The word is carefully chosen. It sounds intimate, artistic, even sustainable. Galliano has spoken of working physically with garments from past seasons — deconstructing, reconfiguring, transforming. It evokes the atelier: scissors gliding through fabric, a master giving new life to forgotten pieces.

But does Zara really have an archive?

In fashion, the term archive is sacred. It implies a body of original work — pieces that defined eras, garments with a soul and a story, grounded in authorship, memory, and meaning. It suggests a point of view.

So we must ask: what, precisely, is the Zara archive?

Is it a catalogue of items subtly (and not so subtly) lifted from luxury runways as soon as they appear? A repository of trend-driven ephemera designed for a three-week lifecycle at best? Or is it the afterlife of these garments — the toxic mountains of textile waste piling up in Accra, the bleached remnants in the Atacama Desert?

Is the archive, in fact, the sum of garments made in the lowest quality polyester, worn twice, and discarded without ceremony?

To call this churn an archive is not just a marketing stretch. It is an erosion of meaning. An insult to the very concept of design history.

The pile-up we aren’t meant to see


When the strategists behind this campaign at Inditex approved it, did they assume we would ignore the elephant in the room — or rather, the mountains of textile waste?

The dissonance is staggering. Inditex remains one of the highest-emitting fashion companies in the world. Its business model is built on overproduction and planned obsolescence. And now, it seeks to cloak itself in the language of sustainability and high art, inviting a legend to “re-author” the very waste stream it has created.

From a sustainability perspective, “re-authoring” fashion waste only makes sense if the production of new items is significantly reduced. Otherwise, it is simply greenwashing.

This raises an uncomfortable question — not just about them, but about us, consumers.

When we applaud moves like this, when we rush to buy a “re-authored” piece of fast fashion, what exactly are we celebrating? Craft — or the permission to forget?

Brands are betting on our willingness to look away. They are betting that the word archive will blur the reality of the supply chain, and that Galliano’s name will function as a cultural absolution. 

But isn’t this simply a case of: This is greenwashing?

From our eBook, This is Greenwashing:

According to the British NGO Earthsight (2024), the fabric used by international giants H&M and Zara to produce their clothes is dirty cotton. The NGO alleges that the two European brands are complicit in large-scale illegal deforestation activities in Brazil, including land grabbing, human rights abuses, corruption, and violent land conflicts. “Earthsight’s year-long investigation reveals that corporations and consumers in Europe and North America are driving this destruction in a new way. Not by what they eat – but what they wear.” 

Or consider this excerpt:

Fashion Group Inditex (Zara) has partnered with the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). Why is a multinational fast fashion corporation partnering with a foundation focused on protecting the animals whose habitats their manufacturing destroys?

On closer inspection, the answer seems less about transformation and more about optics.

And if we widen the lens further, another troubling dimension appears. In October 2022, ahead of the Israeli Knesset elections, Joey Schwebel — who holds the Zara franchise in Israel — hosted a campaign event for Itamar Ben-Gvir. The move sparked calls for a boycott, raising further questions about the political entanglements surrounding the brand.

Final reflections


Ultimately, the news about Galliano for Zara is not really about John Galliano or Zara. It is about an industry that has run out of ideas — and perhaps, out of direction. 

The fact that a designer like Galliano, a true couturier, has landed within a fast-fashion system is not a sign of creative evolution. It is a sign that the structures once capable of supporting such talent have eroded. The houses that should be courting his genius are too risk-averse, too driven by quarterly performance, to embrace a complex, demanding artist. 

So let’s call this what it is.

Not a meeting of minds.
A merger of convenience.

One side acquires cultural legitimacy—a halo of artistry.
The other secures a paycheck.

And still we are left with a question that no press release can convincingly answer: what does “fast fashion archive” really mean?

Galliano for Zara: this isn’t a victory — it’s a verdict Read More »

The luxury dilemma: what does it mean “to do our work properly” in a broken system?

Reading Time: 5 minutes

FW26 Men’s Fashion Week: unpacking Miuccia Prada’s statement on sustainability


Men’s Fashion Week Fall/Winter 2026/27 has just wrapped up in Milan, bringing the luxury dilemma sharply into focus. Beyond the collections themselves, one statement in particular stood out — a widely shared comment by Miuccia Prada on sustainability.

In a season marked by uncertainty, many brands sought reassurance either in the past through nostalgia or in bold contemporary provocations, while reaffirming tailoring and colour as anchors of meaning. Following a runway show explicitly reflecting on the present moment, Miuccia Prada and co-designer Raf Simons spoke to the press. Sustainability inevitably entered the conversation.

Abstract image of an unrecognisable garment blurred in the background, overlaid with a barcode reading “OVERPRODUCTION”, symbolising the luxury dilemma at the heart of the fashion system.

Luxury fashion and sustainability: pragmatism versus idealism


Miuccia Prada reiterated her long-standing commitment to doing her work conscientiously and striving for excellence. She stated:

“I’m trying to get on with my work and do it properly. If we truly wanted to be sustainable, we’d have to stop everything: no cars, no clothes, no consumption at all. We must be honest and do our work to the best of our ability, bringing creativity, quality, and awareness to it.”

It is a compelling, deliberately provocative statement — one that exposes the tension between idealism and pragmatism in sustainability discourse.

A titan of the luxury fashion industry and a figure known for her intellectual and often contradictory positions, Prada draws a stark dichotomy:

  1. The pure ideal: true, absolute sustainability would require a complete halt to modern industrial life — no cars, no new clothes, no consumption.
  2. The pragmatic reality: since such a scenario is implicitly deemed impossible or unacceptable, the alternative is not withdrawal but “doing our work properly”.

The underlying message is clear: perfection becomes the enemy of improvement. Prada rejects a paralysing purity test in favour of an ethic of incremental responsibility.

The luxury dilemma and its internal contradictions


Yet this statement also reveals a deeper contradiction.

1. A defence of the luxury system
At its core, the quote functions as a defence of high-end fashion’s right to exist. Prada suggests that even the creative and qualitative apex of the industry would fail a test of absolute sustainability. The implicit argument is: if fast fashion is condemned, then so must luxury be — the overproduction model is the same.  And if that happens, society risks losing creativity, craftsmanship, culture.

2. Quality and creativity as a smokescreen
For luxury brands, “quality” (durability, materials, craftsmanship) and “creativity” (cultural and artistic value) are repeatedly invoked as ethical justifications for continued mass production. But this framing sidesteps the central issue: the business model itself.

Whether it is a €50 polyester blouse or a €5.000 nylon bag, the luxury industry still depends on:

  • Seasonal cycles, driving perpetual “newness” and the obsolescence of desire
  • Marketing-driven consumption, creating symbolic rather than utilitarian needs
  • Vast, opaque supply chains, with environmental and social impacts regardless of material quality
  • Manufactured exclusivity and scarcity, fundamentally at odds with the anti-consumption logic Prada herself references

Within this structure, creativity and quality are not neutral values — they are often the very engines of consumption.

Blurred garment with a barcode reading “OVERCONSUMPTION”, symbolising overconsumption as a consequence of the luxury dilemma in fashion. AI-generated image.

3. Intellectual honesty vs corporate reality
There is undeniable honesty in Prada’s acknowledgement that true sustainability would mean “no clothes”. It openly names the conflict at the heart of fashion. Yet the conclusion — “do our work well” — feels like an intellectual sleight of hand.

The problem shifts from systemic change (overproduction, growth imperatives, marketing pressure) to individual ethics: my work, our work. In doing so, responsibility is displaced from the corporation and its structural drivers onto personal integrity.

By articulating the critic’s most radical argument — we should stop everything — Prada positions herself as the sober realist. The critique is acknowledged, absorbed, and then dismissed as unworkable. It is a sophisticated form of containment: recognising the radical in order to defend a softened status quo.

What the luxury dilemma leaves out

  • A false binary
    Prada presents a choice between total civilisational shutdown and business-as-usual with better intentions. This erases the vast middle ground: degrowth, sufficiency, circular systems, and radical business-model innovation.
  • Denial of agency
    As creative director of a billion-euro group, Prada possesses exceptional power to experiment with new models. Retreating to “just doing my work” understates this agency. The argument might be defensible from a junior designer — far less so from one of the most influential figures in fashion.

Final thoughts


One could read the collection itself — clothes that appear worn yet are brand new — as an implicit suggestion: use what you already have. This is a ritual we always cherish at the end of a Prada show, because there is always a message that transcends the clothes. But the more pressing question remains how to build genuinely sustainable models for the fashion business.

Terms like degrowth or smaller production volumes threaten the very structures that allow luxury brands to maintain their cathedrals — architectural, symbolic, and economic. And so they remain largely unspoken.

Miuccia Prada’s statement ultimately becomes a revealing manifesto of the luxury dilemma. It is intellectually lucid about the problem, yet philosophically conservative in its solution. It mobilises the language of ethics — honesty, awareness — to justify the preservation of a system that, by its own admission, cannot exist within true planetary limits.

Focusing on “doing the work at its best” inside a broken model, even with the best intentions of creativity and quality, amounts to a form of managed dissent: it critiques the ends, but fiercely defends the means.

The luxury dilemma: what does it mean “to do our work properly” in a broken system? Read More »

Being a Sustainability Critic: What does it really mean?

Reading Time: 2 minutes

Challenging greenwashing and holding brands accountable


Today, we want to explore the concept of being a sustainability critic: taking a critical approach to sustainability. What does it really mean?  Is being a sustainability critic about disregarding sustainability altogether? Or is it about caring so much that we refuse to be deceived by corporations and their marketing strategies?

Sustainability is often positioned as a key solution to climate change. However, can we really talk about solutions? Climate change is already a harsh, irreversible reality. As Rupert Read puts it, our only choice is to adapt to a world of climate extremes.

The point of being a sustainability critic


Being a sustainability critic means looking beyond surface-level claims and greenwashing to assess the real impact of brands, policies, and movements. It’s about:

1. Questioning corporate narratives
2. Exposing contradictions
3. Holding companies accountable for their environmental and social claims

A sustainability critic doesn’t just applaud “eco-friendly” initiatives. Instead, they ask: Is this truly sustainable, or just another marketing ploy? This attitude demands curiosity, scepticism, and a commitment to transparency.

Sustainability vs. corporate reality


Yesterday morning, we came across this news from The Business of Fashion:

“Patagonia, Nike and others have tried but failed to eliminate labour exploitation at key Taiwanese suppliers.”

“Brands like Patagonia, Nike and Lululemon have been working for years to address the exploitation of migrant workers at key fabric suppliers in Taiwan. Despite some progress, the issue has persisted.”

But isn’t Patagonia the brand that truly cares about sustainability? At least, that’s what they claim. Yet, time and again, the gap between corporate promises and actual practices is enormous. In fact, their actions simply do not match their words.

The truth about sustainable fashion


This is exactly why we need sustainability critics. It’s about cutting through corporate rhetoric, challenging greenwashing, and demanding real ethical standards.

The truth is simple:

• There is no sustainability in overproduction.

• There is no sustainability in exploited labour.

And for brands that continue to push their sustainable lies, there’s only one response: this is greenwashing.

Final thoughts


In conclusion, being a sustainability critic — or taking a critical approach to sustainability — is essential to avoiding deception by brands and corporations. In fact, if we want genuine sustainability in fashion, we must move beyond empty promises and hold brands accountable. It’s time to rethink the way we consume and demand radical transparency.

And you? Do you consider yourself a sustainability critic? Share your thoughts in the comments!

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Netflix: Buy Now! The Shopping Conspiracy – Why you should watch

Reading Time: 4 minutes

Corporate tricks that encourage overconsumption and why accountability matters


The latest Netflix documentary on sustainability, Buy Now! The Shopping Conspiracy, released on November 20th this year, is a must-watch for anyone who shops—anywhere.

12,000, 25,000, 36,000, and 1.3 million. What do these numbers represent? They are the staggering quantities of items produced annually by Gap, H&M, Zara, and Shein, respectively.

Intrigued by how we, as consumers, are persuaded to buy more than we need, I decided to watch it. The trailer promised a compelling exploration of this phenomenon.

Netflix, Buy Now!: Corporate manipulation exposed


Have you ever wondered where all those products go—the ones we discard without a second thought? This so-called “away” isn’t some magical place. It’s real, and it’s devastating.

This is where away is:


Netflix’s Buy Now! The Shopping Conspiracy takes an instructional approach to unravel the system behind overconsumption. The documentary is structured around five shocking directives: sell more, waste more, lie more, hide more, and control more.
Throughout these segments, former insiders from Amazon, Apple, Unilever, and Adidas reveal how companies manipulate us. Eric Liedtke, former Adidas Brand President, explains it bluntly: “You don’t need a new piece of clothing; you need a compelling reason to buy it.”

Netflix Buy Now! The Shopping Conspiracy – Official trailer


Have you noticed that the colour of Sprite bottles is no longer green but clear plastic? Even these subtle changes have a sinister purpose. Coca-Cola made the change to hide the environmental impact of their products. In fact, when the bottles were green they were easily identifiable in landfills.

But the manipulation doesn’t stop at marketing. It extends to how products are designed, determining their lifespan and whether they can be repaired. These calculated decisions ensure a cycle of relentless consumption, benefiting corporations at the expense of people and the planet.

The impact of product design and consumer behaviour


In today’s world, items are no longer built to last, they have short lifespans. Phones get replaced every three years, and clothing falls apart after a few washes so people replace it every month, if not weekly.

There are some things my family has had for more than ten years that have lasted the test of time, from our Christmas tree my parents bought more than twenty years ago to the dining table they have that has been repurposed into a desk. These pieces were built to last, unlike many products today. Take my computer, for instance. In the six years I’ve owned it, I’ve had to replace the battery. But, the battery is glued inside the device, requiring the replacement of an entire panel.

This isn’t an accident. Kyle Wiens, CEO of iFixit, says Apple censors information so that consumers find it harder to repair devices, making them more likely to buy a new one.
A prime example of this approach is wireless earphones. They are designed with batteries precisely placed and glued into the devices, making replacements nearly impossible. The result? Consumers are left with no choice but to discard and replace them when the battery dies—further fuelling the cycle of waste.

The design flaws and deliberate barriers to repairability aren’t going unnoticed. Recent efforts, such as New York’s legislation on the right to repair electronic products and the EU’s new environmental regulations, demonstrate a growing awareness of the issue. While some companies are taking steps toward sustainability, these efforts remain insufficient to counteract the immense damage already done.

Conclusion: Netflix Buy Now! No novelty, but worth watching


It may not be a groundbreaking concept, but the Netflix documentary Buy Now! effectively exposes corporate manipulation. Hopefully, it will reach a broader audience.

While corporations and governments bear the greatest responsibility for systemic change, as individuals we hold significant power too. We can demand accountability from companies, advocate for action through our local representatives and most importantly, make mindful choices in our daily lives. This means buying less, prioritising true quality garments that are made to last and exploring vintage or second-hand options whenever possible.

Before making your next purchase, ask yourself: Do I really need that new fast-fashion dress?

Every decision we make has the power to challenge the status quo and contribute to a more sustainable future.


✍️ Post written by Sorcha Gorman, a scholar from Melbourne / Australia, studying Public Relations at Università Cattolica in Milan. Currently interning with suite123.

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